Political brinksmanship and petty bickering have been the order of the day over in the US these past few weeks as Democrats and Republicans have grappled with each other amidst unseemly budget wrangling, even as both parties toppled over the fiscal cliff into 2013.
Scotland, thankfully, will suffer no such fate over the next couple of months as John Swinney prepares his budget, given the Scottish Parliament has only one chamber with an SNP majority. At Westminster, similarly, a coalition Government boasting a majority of MPs and a powerless House of Lords ensures that the country’s finances will be steered through Parliament trouble-free each year up to the next general election.
However, the UK and Scotland should not be complacent, there is a risk that we are moving towards US-style politics and the inertia and inanity that that can bring.
The House of Lords is a relic of a bygone age and significant change is required, that much most people can agree. There are two countries in the world where clerics make laws – Iran and the UK. That is not something we should be proud of. However, the change that is most regularly mooted is a second chamber much like a Senate, with mostly (or even entirely) directly-elected representatives from the current crop of main parties.
The clear risk here is that we end up with a Labour House of Commons and a Tory Second Chamber, or vice versa, and political gridlock ensues. People argue that a revising chamber is necessary to improve laws but I don’t see what is wrong with getting things right first time and having one Parliament holding up and down votes on the important decisions of the day.
Similarly, closer to home, there are regular suggestions that an independent Scotland should have some sort of revising chamber to compliment the primary representative parliament. The current system works well and, with a nod to the ancient House of Lords system, if it ain’t baroque, don’t fix it.
In Scotland, the ‘Bain Principle’ alone could risk political gridlock in this eventuality of two houses, whereby Labour (as fully acknowledged by Willie Bain MP) refuse to sign up to anything put forward by the SNP. It sounds eerily like the Tea Party whose members admit that their political ambitions extend to avowedly opposing anything put forward by the Democrats.
It doesn’t take much of an imagination to see that two political chambers, each yielding similar power but one controlled by the SNP and the other controlled by Labour, would be little short of disastrous for moving Scotland forwards.
There is one clean, simple solution, a solution that already works well in Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway. That is one parliamentary chamber, preferably with four year terms to allow the voters to hold their Governments to account more often. This would avoid political gridlock, encourage healthy coalitions and ensure that power sits with the public, rather than with the politicians.
Whether we vote Yes or No in the independence referendum, this risk of future fiscal cliffs is a real one and needs to be considered and, cruicially, avoided. Unicameralism (a fancy term for one parliamentary chamber) is the way to do it.
British political outlook – fiscal cliffs ahead
Jan 3
#1 by David Lee on January 3, 2013 - 1:36 pm
I agree that any moves toward two separately elected chambers could risk US-style disaster.
The House of Lords is beyond salvation, but in an independent Scotland as long as the chamber is elected using a PR-style system I don’t see the need for a second chamber. The Lord Advocate would be on hand to flag up any blatantly incompatible new legislation but apart from that I say let the chamber do its thing.
#2 by Steven Dehn on January 3, 2013 - 2:01 pm
My sympathies generally lie with an independent Scotland having a second chamber. Not an American style Senate but a German style Bundesrat.
Delegates would be representatives from Local Authorities rather than States and would be proportional to each party’s number of seats on said LAs.
#3 by Jeff on January 3, 2013 - 6:13 pm
But what would be its purpose? Unlike the system but why not just make that setup the primary chamber?
I just don’t see what a second chamber adds other than the potential for strife and a higher salary & expenses bill.
#4 by BM on January 3, 2013 - 2:05 pm
Unicameralism is just as likely to lead to political deadlock. The SNP currently forms a single-party majority administration, but it formed a minority government for it’s first term. What was to stop Labour, the Liberals, and the Tories from causing political gridlock? What’s to stop them doing the same after the SNP forms a minority administration in 2016? Unicameralism? I don’t think it’s as simple as that!
While Labour may stick to the Wily Bain principle, the other parties (particularly the Tories) are desperate to get their policies implemented, and to get some good publicity by working together. At the same time, Labour would do well to revise their stance, since they may find themselves heading a minority government, and will rely on the SNP sitting on their hands, or other parties voting for their budget.
Ultimately these are the reasons any legislative set-up works: a willingness to compromise. The Swedish Alliance forms a minority in the Riksdag, but through compromise, they are able to govern. Norway has historically had as more years of minority government than majority government, and yet things actually got better, even when they had a revising chamber! Why? Compromise.
I do usually vote SNP, but I think I preferred the SNP’s first term, where they had to reach consensus better than this one whereby they can comfortably do what they like (it’s more democratic too – let’s face it, the tories will never form a government in Scotland, but they do represent about 15% of the public, so why shouldn’t parts of their manifesto be implemented?).
#5 by Jeff on January 3, 2013 - 6:16 pm
The reason a single chamber works is that there is nowhere to pass the buck. Senators can blame Congressmen and vice versa in the US but it’s up to MSPs to find a way forward, as has proven to be the case from 1999-2007. Not bad for a new Parliament.
I take your point that a single chamber has the potential for gridlock but realistically it’s just less likely to happen, looking at examples across the continent (and at the US of course)
#6 by Indy on January 3, 2013 - 7:15 pm
I don’t think it would happen – if we look at 2007-11 the SNP could have been gridlocked at any time but they made it clear if that happened they would stand down and then either another administration would have to be formed or there would be an election. And we can imagine how heavily the electorate would punish a party that was seen as putting party interest before getting on with the job. Arguably that was part of the reason Labour got such a gubbing in 2011. Imagine what would have happened if they had forced an early election!
So we could see changes of administration perhaps if things reached check mate – but that would be better than gridlock.
#7 by BM on January 3, 2013 - 2:10 pm
Also, while the Republicans do indeed control the House, and the Democrats control the Senate, the reason they couldn’t come to a deal wasn’t because the Democrats wouldn’t negotiate the House’s bill, but because the Republicans filibustered to prevent the Senate’s bill from being voted on, and Republicans also couldn’t support Boehner’s compromise bill for the House.
So the gridlock isn’t actually due to bicameralism; it’s due to stubborn Republicans unwilling to compromise on anything, and the filibuster mechanism which allows them act this way.
#8 by Richard Laird on January 3, 2013 - 6:03 pm
Agree entirely with Jeff. Scotland doesn’t need a second chamber.
Bicameralism works best in federal states, where one chamber represents the people and the other represents the provinces/states. Scotland isn’t going to be a federal state and I can’t see any other model for a second chamber improving our democracy. Our Nordic counterparts have unicameral parliaments and there is a push in Ireland to abolish the Seanad.
What would be a step in the right direction is if Holyrood committees were able to function as originally intended: as bodies where partisan politics is left at the door and effective scrutiny—of the Government, of Bills, and of anything else deemed appropriate—is the priority.
#9 by Ken on January 4, 2013 - 10:15 am
As Richard above says, the interesting discussion is across the water, as Ireland looks to abolish the Seanad this year. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1229/1224328252506.html
If you’ve got an upper house, you’ve got to know what you want to do with it rather than just having it for the sake of having it. The Irish Seanad was set up for various reasons of representation of minorities / vocational sectors that wouldn’t get a look in in the Dáil in general elections. While it had good intentions, it lost it’s way and purpose long ago.
If it’s about balance, other institutions within the Parliament can be reworked and strengthened significantly for oversight, or even (as part of a written Constitution) increased judicial powers ensuring legislation is not too extreme (see Portugal’s 2013 budget being referred to their Constitutional Court http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20886000).
#10 by Aldos Rendos on January 4, 2013 - 1:29 pm
Nice piece Jeff, I’ve always supported the idea of a second chamber but I guess as you mention providing their is a proper proportional electoral system in the first chamber there probably isn’t a purpose for a second house.
‘Gridlock’ is quite an emotive term, I don’t agree that legislation that is discussed at length, debated and counter-debated is necessarily a bad thing. Surely it is best to find the right solution, the right compromise regardless of the time constraints, this is after all the art of politics and democracy.
#11 by Iain Menzies on January 4, 2013 - 3:28 pm
*sticks hand up as possibly the only person in teh country that doesnt want House of Lords reform*
As if i am the only one….lets be honest 99% of the population dont give a fig one way or tuther.
Yes there are alot of numpties in the HoL, but for every numpty you have someone like Peter Hennessy. Its not like we can be sure that the quality of the membership would be better if elected (and lets face it it probably wouldnt be). Not that that is a reason not to elect them…democracy being something to be thankful for and all. But then the Lords can only do something if the Commons lets them. So it may not be democratic, but it aint, in any serious way, anti democratic.
As for the bit about the Clerics, well seriously? I would call that a cheap shot but i wouldnt take it off your hands if you paid me! Who cares if you have a score or so of anglican bishops. Other obvisously than yourself.
You know that the comparison doesnt stand with Iran, and is frankly distasteful. The bishops are a tiny voting block in parliament. Now i dont really hold with Bishops in general….or the Church of England…but it isnt like they got there by accident. They wouldnt be bishops with seats if they didnt get the nod from number 10.
You want to have a conversation about disestablishing the CoE then thats fine. But can we wait till after 2014 when the referndum has been beaten?
#12 by Gavin Hamilton on January 4, 2013 - 3:49 pm
I’m inclined to agree with BM and disagree with Jeff on this one.
Unicameral is fine for a devolved parliament but if it were ever to have a national government, building in checks and balances would be important. Having frequent elections and PR isn’t the same.
I have always thought that bicameral would be important and been puzzled why the constitutional models I have seen for Indy didn’t go down this route.
I think while the US comparison is interesting this week it doesn’t help us. The US has an 18th century settlement with a strong and separate executive branch. Their constitution was built on a compromise of the majority principle – built into the House with Reps in proportion to the population; and protecting individual states’ rights – especially small ones – built into the Senate with each state having two senators. They were very concerned about unchecked despotic power and the the tyranny of the majority so they built their constitution to stop the Federal government being able to do too much! And then there is a whole subsequent saga of history where Federalists like Alexander Hamilton who believed in strong federal institutions competed with the ideas of Jacksonian and Jeffersonian democracy which broadly favoured states rights more.
You can’t compare such a federal continental state with limits put on government at the centre and an 18th century constitution with us.
For us – if we were to have a strong parliamentary system with a monarchy and the executive branch part and parcel of the legislative branch you need a second chamber.
If you have a presidential system and we become a republic the balance is between the executive branch (Presidency) and the legislative branch (Parliament) and you have less need for a second chamber. It also depends how strong you make your presidency – strong like France, or less so like Ireland.
But with no pres you need a second chamber with revising and commenting powers. You give the second chamber a different function and different powers to the first chamber.
That’s not a recipe for gridlock and the American system is something else. Actually if you are that worried about gridlock why not argue for FPTP rather than PR and rare parliamentary majorities? (I think PR in ur modern system is a good thing BTW).
Interesting what Ken says about Eire though.
It all goes to show that if Indy is a serious proposition we maybe need to decide upfront what we are proposing re executive and legislative powers – and whether we are going down a constitutional monarchy route or a presidential route with separation of powers; because it makes a difference and would help if we knew what we were voting for.